Disengagement vs. Deradicalization

Deradicalization 

Deradicalization is the process of changing the belief system, rejecting the extremist ideology, and embracing mainstream values.  Deradicalization refers primarily to a cognitive rejection of certain values, attitudes and views—in other words, a change of mind. It implies a cognitive shift, i.e. a fundamental change in understanding resulting from activities intended to help individuals to renounce radical or extreme ideas, beliefs and groups.

According to Daniel Koehler, the work of deradicalization involves: 

1. Re-pluralization of political concepts and values – “a growing perception of alternative options to solve a decreasingly important (ideologically defined) problem results in a forced reflection upon the need for extreme measures, such as violence or travel to, and involvement in, a foreign conflict.”
2. Doubt and uncertainty about the correct course of action…allows for push and pull factors to become weighed against the individual commitment;
3. Utilize methods to establish pro-social networks, empower individuals through education and vocational training, provide experiences of success and self-awareness through non-violence, or confrontation with victims, alternative worldviews, and ideological interpretation. 

Disengagement 

Disengagement is a social and psychological process whereby an individual’s commitment to, and involvement in, violent extremism is reduced to the extent that they are no longer at risk of involvement and engagement in violent activity. Disengagement from using, or supporting the use of, violence does not necessarily mean a change in an individual’s commitment to a radical or extremist cause.  Disengagement involves a change in behavior (renouncing the use of violence) rather than a change in fundamental beliefs.

Whether to prioritize deradicalization or disengagement has been a topic of much dialogue over the years. There is a tendency in the media or public to over-focus on ideology as the main driver of violent extremism. However, research with persons exiting violent extremism have found that many continue to have extremist beliefs, but cease violent actions or support for such actions, and also that it is very difficult to change people’s beliefs. Therefore, the consensus among practitioners and policymakers is to emphasize disengagement, but address deradicalization where needed and possible. 

Disengagement Push factors

It is helpful to keep in mind push and pull factors for disengagement. Disengagement Push Factors are negative social incidents and circumstances that make it uncomfortable to remain involved in violent extremism.  Examples include:

• Negative social sanctions and stigma attached to membership
• Exhaustion due to the extremist or terrorist lifestyle
• Doubts in the group’s ideology
• Frustration with the group’s hypocrisy and behavior
• Loss of social support through the group
• Mistreatment and physical abuse
• Disappointment about results of armed struggle and effects of violence
• Tactical differences and disapproval or group’s strategy or leadership
• Cognitive dissonance

Disengagement Pull Factors

Disengagement Pull Factors are positive factors attracting the person to a more rewarding alternative.  These include:

• Desire to live a normal life
• Life changing events resulting in changed priorities
• Advanced age
• Starting a family
• Pressure from existing family members
• New positive relationships with outsiders
• New and promising career prospects
• Environmental and sociocultural changes

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